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As I mentioned in my last post, I had a few trouble spots while working with the sensor lead wires. They’re more stiff than they should be. More importantly, in testing each sensor combination, I found that some which should have been easy were actually difficult due to where I placed the sensor(s) in question, and some sensors were much larger than the optimal size. My current prototype glove isn’t even complete—it’s still missing the three large palm sensors and the whole accelerometer setup—but already, I’m making plans for the second glove. In fact, I will probably just leave the current glove as it is and wait for the new test materials to arrive (they’re all already ordered).

I realized that a significant revision was necessary when I made it (mostly) to the end of the glove assembly process, and although it was exciting and gratifying, my main thought was there has GOT to be an easier way to do this.

Obviously, since this was my first attempt ever, I can’t really complain about how long it took. I had to figure a lot of stuff out as I worked, and that approach is always slower. Doing the exact same steps (at least the ones that weren’t part of a test that failed) will presumably take much less time on the second attempt. However, as I thought about the complicated and/or time-consuming parts, I concluded that some parts of my current build process are not very efficient.

I have outlined below the process that I used to build the glove (called Prototype A) the first time, starting from all of the raw materials. This is followed by a hardware list and build process for my next prototype (called Prototype B). Prototype B will also include an accelerometer, but I haven’t listed it or the steps required to implement it here because it wasn’t part of Prototype A, and the main point here is to contrast the changes to the process between Prototype A and Prototype B. The accelerometer steps, at this point, would be the same in both cases. These lists also exclude the PS/2 interface hardware. Only the hardware for the glove-to-Arduino interface is listed here.

Prototype A Hardware

(note: don’t use this one as a shopping list)

• Right-handed cotton handbell glove w/strap
• Arduino Mega board and USB A-to-B cable for programming/testing
• Approx. 25 sq. in. of conductive fabric
• Approx. 50 ft of solid black 26 AWG insulated wire
• 34 unsoldered male header pins
• 5 different colors of 3/32″ heat shrink
• Wire glue
• 5-minute epoxy
• Needle, thread, and sewing pins

Prototype A Build Process

(note: don’t follow these directions exactly)

1. Cut 34 separate 18-inch lengths of solid black wire for sensor leads
2. Strip ~1/8″ of insulation from both ends of all 34 wires
3. Solder a male header pin onto one end of each of the 34 wires
4. Use scotch tape to secure the non-pin end of each wire to a flat surface
5. Cut best-guess sizes of conductive fabric for sensors
6. Place each sensor fabric piece carefully on flat surface under each exposed wire end
7. Mix up wire glue with a toothpick for best consistency
8. Use toothpick to apply very small drop of wire glue to the exposed part of each wire, allow 30+ minutes to dry
9. After at least 30 minutes, mix batch of 5-minute epoxy and apply slightly larger drop to wire glue/fabric to ensure total coverage and strength, allow 15+ minutes to cure
10. Cut 12, 12, 5, 3, and 2 sections (respectively) of five chosen colors of heat shrink (1/4″ or 3/8″ length is fine)
11. Slide heat shrink over header pins and secure with lighter or other heat source
12. Place each sensor on the glove in its best-guess location and secure with either 1 or 2 sewing pins as necessary
13. Cut appropriate lengths of thread and sew each sensor on, maintaining position and alignment as much as possible
14. Gather sensor lead wires into groups by finger and loosely tie together with small wire sections
15. Sew strategically placed loops around each wire or bundle of wires to make sure they are firmly attached to the glove and will not move independently
16. Connect Arduino board to computer, run IDE, and upload the Keyglove controller code
17. Insert each sensor wire header pin into the appropriate I/O receptacle on the Arduino board
18. Test all basic 1-to-1 combinations for success

Now, if you actually took the time to read through all that, you might notice a few things (particularly about the build process). First, some of those steps could be done in almost any order. Obviously you can cut the lengths of heat shrink whenever you want, as long as they are available when you need them. You could attach the wires to the fabric before you solder the header pins to the other end. This is true, and any changes I’m suggesting below that affect those arbitrary tasks are coincidental.

Second, you might notice that some of those items take only a minute, while some take many hours—especially #8 and #9 for attaching wires to sensors, and #12 and #13 for sewing the sensors onto the gloves. These are the major areas of difficulty, and any improvements in those parts of the process will have a significant effect. That is my goal at this point.

Although the above list of steps is pretty straightforward, in reality I didn’t exactly do things in precisely that order. I did them piecemeal, especially the sensors, as I was testing what worked and what didn’t. If I had all the materials in front of me right now and I followed that process from beginning to end, I estimate it would take me about four hours, with the bulk of the time spent sewing. Even with an improved process, this time isn’t likely to change much.

However, while it might take time, it doesn’t have to be hard. Tedious, maybe, but not hard. Here are the three main aspects of the Prototype A hardware and build process that make things harder than they should be:

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1. PROBLEM: Solid 26 AWG wire.
   I thought this would be thin enough to get the job done, but it’s still stiff. It looks fine once you get it all pinned down to the glove, but it tends to push against the sensor material while you’re trying to glue them, and when you’re trying to sew them on, and when you’re moving your fingers around while using the glove. The end result is that (1) the you need to be extra precise during the wire attachment step, (2) it is virtually impossible to get the sensors sewed on tight exactly where you want them, and (3) using the glove feels just a tiny bit awkward due to added resistance. Solid wire is just a bad idea for this purpose.
   • SOLUTION: Use stranded 30 AWG wire instead.
     This will give the added flexibility necessary to prevent the wire from exerting significant force on the sensor fabric. The wires are never under a lot of stress, so switching to stranded won’t degrade the durability of the glove either.
2. PROBLEM: Sewing sensors after attaching the wires.
   Two bad things happen as a result of this: first, the wire hanging off (even the stranded wire, to an extent) tends to pull in some direction on the sensor fabric while you are trying to sew it on. This causes it to shift unless you are incredibly good at sewing, which I am not. Second, because the wire is attached partially using epoxy, it is impossible to sew through the epoxied area on the fabric. This leads to a loose “flap,” usually one particular corner, which is not pinned down and therefore an area of strain and weakness. Any pull on the sensor that comes from the wire puts force primarily on this one corner, which leads to uneven wear and creates a likely point of failure.
   • SOLUTION: Sew the sensors on first, and use a different glue.
     This is still a bit of an unknown for me, and my solution involves more testing before I’ll be confident. However, multiple people have recommended the home-made conductive glue that I’ve linked to above as a possibility for attaching the wire to the fabric. It is conductive and flexible, so they say—a cleverly calculated mixture of ultra-fine carbon graphite power and Liquid Tape. It is remotely possible that it will even work as sensor material, negating any need for fabric, but I doubt it will exhibit the same touch conductivity, and likely also not have the same success with capacitive touch screens. I will experiment with it to find out. The chemicals required are currently on order.

     Changing the sewing/gluing order around will also require another change, unless this new glue possess a magical property that makes it strong enough to hold the wire in place with only a tiny amount. Specifically, I have been gluing the wires onto the back side of each sensor so that the entire front side remains available for maximum touch-sensitive surface area. However, if I sew the sensors on first, only the front side will be available. This means I’ll have to attach the wires onto the front side with the glue. For large sensors, this should be fine. But for the small ones, it could be a problem. Hopefully it won’t use up more than about 1/8″ square of surface area. For a 1″ square sensor, this is is only about 2%, but for a 1/4″ square sensor, it’s 25%. Perhaps if I am very lucky, I’ll be able to reliably attach them to the back side despite the stitches that will be holding each sensor down, but I’m not sure. It is also possible that it won’t inhibit the practical sensitivity of each sensor. I’ll have to find out when the materials arrive.

     One more note: I originally rejected sewing first and gluing second precisely because of the difficulty in attaching wires to the sensors while they are on the glove. However, this was because I was doing it the old way, leaving one corner unattached, and pinning it up while I precariously bent the wire just right so it was touching the fabric. If I use stranded wire and this new glue (which is considerably sticky), and especially if I use the front face of each sensor, these problems will all go away.

3. PROBLEM: Sensor size and position makes accuracy difficult.
   Part of this is admittedly caused by my relatively poor sewing skills, and this element of the problem will hopefully be fixed by the previous problem’s solution as well as my skill improving over time. However, some of it also comes from the fact that the sensors I cut are just not the right size in many cases. They are generally too large, making it far too easy to touch the wrong one (especially with my thumb).
   • SOLUTION: Pre-cut all sensors to new specifications based on initial results.
     Here is the critical point: sensors that are primarily “targets” should be very small, while sensors that are primarily “initiators” should be large. Sensors that are both can be large as well. The only exceptions are the three very large “target” palm sensors, which need to be large but can be so without creating problems, since they are not near anything else.

     To clarify, when I say a sensor is a “target” or an “initiator,” think about touching your palm with your fingertip. You wouldn’t say that you’re touching your fingertip with your palm, because that’s not what it feels like to you. Your thumb is doing the touching, even though technically they are both touching each other. Fingertips are really the only ones that can be both targets (in the case of the initiating thumbtip) and initiators (in the case of everything else), so they should be large as well. In essence, this means that all of the middle and lower finger pads, the finger sides, and the fingernails should all be very small—probably not much more than 1/4″ or maybe 3/8″ square. The two thumb pads (upper and lower) will be large, as will the four fingertips, and of course the palm pads. The large size of the thumb pads (roughly 1″ square) make it very easy to reach the right little sensor without focusing on precision, and the small size of the target sensors make it very easy to avoid hitting the wrong ones accidentally.

So, those are the problems and the solutions. Here are my hardware and build process lists for Prototype B, which I will start on as soon as the new gloves and stranded wire arrive. Note that I’m still recommending an Arduino Mega board here even though my ultimate goal is to use the Teensy++, because the Arduino board is better for rapid prototyping, at least in my opinion.

Prototype B Hardware

• Right-handed cotton handbell glove w/strap
• Arduino Mega board and USB A-to-B cable for programming/testing
• Approx. 15 sq. in. of conductive fabric
• Approx. 50 ft of stranded black 30 AWG insulated wire
• 34 unsoldered male header pins
• 5 different colors of 1/16″ heat shrink (quite small)
• Conductive glue ingredients (carbon graphite powder and Liquid Tape)
• Needle, thread, and sewing pins

Prototype B Build Process

1. Cut 34 separate 18-inch lengths of stranded black wire for sensor leads
2. Strip ~1/8″ of insulation from both ends of all 34 wires
3. Solder a male header pin onto one end of each of the 34 wires
4. Cut 12, 12, 5, 3, and 2 sections (respectively) of five chosen colors of heat shrink (1/4″ or 3/8″ length is fine)
5. Slide heat shrink on from non-header side of each wire secure around header pin solder joint with lighter or other heat source
6. Cut precise sizes of conductive fabric for sensors
7. Place each sensor on the glove in its precise location and secure with either 1 or 2 sewing pins as necessary
8. Cut appropriate lengths of thread and sew each sensor on, maintaining position and alignment as much as possible
9. Mix conductive glue ingredients according to directions
10. Glue each wire onto the front surface of each sensor, securing with light Scotch tape if necessary while it dries
11. Gather sensor lead wires into groups by finger and loosely tie together with small wire sections
12. Sew strategically placed loops around each wire or bundle of wires to make sure they are firmly attached to the glove and will not move independently
13. Connect Arduino board to computer, run IDE, and upload the Keyglove controller code
14. Insert each sensor wire header pin into the appropriate I/O receptacle on the Arduino board
15. Test all basic 1-to-1 combinations for success

There you have it. Hopefully this should speed up the build process and make the whole thing simpler. Now I need to go play with this accelerometer some more while I wait for the rest of the new materials to arrive.

My glove is almost all built! I don’t have a touchset defined yet, but that’s all software and I’m mostly focusing on hardware at the moment, which is definitely the hard part for me. And, in fairness, this is all keyboard and no mouse so far. I have barely touched the accelerometer that arrived today.

Back to the most recent success: even though the full order of conductive fabric didn’t arrive until this afternoon, I was able to cut and attach every piece of sensor material except for the three large palm ones using what I had left over from the small sample I got for testing. I’ve gotten a little better at sewing with only one hand, helped in no small part by the use of pins (visible in the first photo here). If I don’t run into a “tangled thread” situation, I can do one sensor now in less than five minutes. This makes for an average full-glove sensor attachment time of roughly four hours.

After I got everything attached, I set about separating the sensor lead wires into bundles organized by finger. They had been loosely tied according to sensor type (e.g. fingernails, finger pads, finger sides, etc.), but this turned out to be not very logical anywhere except at the I/O header, which is the easiest element to deal with in this whole apparatus. The thumb has three, and the other four fingers have seven each (one nail, three pads, and three sides).

Even separated and regrouped by finger, the wires here are very messy. This is due in part to the fact that it’s solid, even though it is quite thin (26 AWG). It still has enough resistance to keep most of its shape against the force of gravity. As you can see in the third photo, with 34 sensor wires, this creates a huge inconvenient mass of wires—without any extra work, anyway.

The solution to this problem is to secure the wires to their logical paths tight up against the glove. I was originally planning to use epoxy glue beads because it was easy, but it’s also impossible to undo easily. Because of my newfound ability to sew (sort of), I changed my mind and opted to use little loops of thread instead. This resulted in a glove that looks almost exactly how I originally imagined it way back (three weeks ago) when I was mulling over the idea in my head. Awesome!

The only thing I am a little worried about is that my technique for sewing the loops is inadequate. I am worried that they might somehow come undone, and while that wouldn’t be a huge problem, it would certainly be inconvenient. I think I might have to look up some info online for tips on how to more effectively do that kind of simple thread-based tying job. However, it really did turn out quite well—at least as good as I hoped it would.

As soon as I got all of the wires secured and re-bundled, I plugged all of the sensor pins into their respective spots on the I/O header as fast as I could. To my dismay, that ended up being a lot harder than I thought it would because of an practical oversight on my part back when I was trying to be clever by adding colored head shrink to the sensor lead pins. Colored heat shrink for sensor categories is a great idea, but my execution of it was wrong. I had the heat shrink wrapped around the plastic part of the header pin as well as the metal, which effectively adds at least 1mm of width to every header pin.

Each pin doesn’t have a lot of extra room as it is, and adding that much extra makes for a very crowded I/O header. So crowded, in fact, that some of the pins just wouldn’t go in at all. The crowding affect builds up as more pins pile up against each other. I had to take a knife and cut off some of the heat shrink on some of them to get them in. I even cut off the very last pin entirely and just stripped the wire and stuck it in directly.

Naturally, my next immediate desire (at 1:30am) was to try touching each possible combination of sensors together to see how easy or hard each one was. I had already been doing this a little in my quest to find which pin belonged in which hole, but it was quite gratifying to go through all of them and just watch it all work like I imagined it would. However, I will also add here that testing each sensor combination—and, in fact, going through the whole glove-building process—has brought to light quite a few changes that would (will) make in building a second glove. I will get into that in another post shortly.

It seems that my blog is having a hard time keeping up with the latest developments. I’ll just pretend I can blame that all on the blog somehow and ignore the fact that the author may have something to do with it. Anyway, I’ve been looking into touchset possibilities based on letter frequency, using an accelerometer for mouse control (which is vastly better than what I originally had in mind), and trying to streamline the sensor attachment process. This post will be about the sensors; the other items will have to wait until later.

After I found a good conductive fabric to use for sensors, I set about preparing the sensor lead wires to be attached to the material. While I don’t currently have enough material to do all of the sensors, I still have all of my lead wires from back when I was trying to use copper foil tape. Obviously, I had to cut all of the foil squares off the ends of the wire, which meant I needed to strip another 1/8 inch of insulation off the ends of all 34 wires. Additionally, the wires don’t do so well all by themselves being stuck into the Arduino board female I/O header, so I stripped the other end as well and soldered header pins onto all of them.

Finally, I needed a way to somehow identify the tail end of each sensor lead, so I wouldn’t have to deal with 34 nondescript black wire ends and try to figure out the hard way which one went to which sensor. So, I cut small sections of different colors of heat shrink tubing and secured them around the back side of each of the header pins. The front finger segments are black (12), the side finger segments are blue (12), the thumb pads are red (2), the fingernails and thumbnail are white (5), and the large palm strips are green (3). I will still have to determine which is which among the sets, but at least it will be much easier. Also, for the finished product, the leads should be soldered directly to the controller board. I am only using this header pin approach for prototyping. It makes things much, much simpler visually and physically—not to mention the fact that it makes it easy to rearrange I/O pin assignments without the hassle of re-soldering.

After I got the wire leads all prepared, I cut five pads from the small amount of material I currently have: one for the thumb pad, and four for the top finger pads. I figured that would make for the easiest testing environment. My wonderful fabrically-unchallenged wife sewed the first two pads on to show me how, and then I took over for the last three. It took me 45 minutes to do it, but I got them on eventually, and I’m happy with how it looks and feels.

The thing about sewing something onto a glove is that it is much easier if the glove is in the correct shape—namely, your hand is in it. This is a challenge because this leaves you only one hand with which to sew. It’s an even greater challenge in this case because I’m right-handed, so naturally I’m building a glove for my right hand…so therefore I am left with only my left hand to sew with. Quite challenging indeed. Fortunately, the stitches required to attach the pads are not complicated, and can even be completed with a non-dominant hand if you have enough patience.

The basic approach to sewing the sensors on with one hand in the glove is that you start each stitch going straight down, then stop when you feel the needle poke your finger, then continue laterally under both the sensor fabric and the glove fabric for a quarter inch or so, then come straight back up. If you don’t go straight in or come straight back up (as much as possible, anyway), then you risk having the sensor material shift to one side slightly when your stitches become tight. This isn’t always a terrible thing, but if you want a lot of precision in sensor alignment, it’s good to keep it in mind.

I have also found that it is much easier to attach all of the wires first, and then sew the sensors on. The pictures above show the process involved in attaching the sensor wires after being sewed, and it is definitely harder than sewing sensors with wires already attached. It works best to have all of the wires coming off of the same corner of every sensor, and for my purposes, I’ve chosen the bottom left corner as shown in the photos. Since you can’t very well sew through epoxy, this corner remains relatively unsecured (though the rest of the stitches keep the sensor in place well enough). Using this unsecured corner, it is possible to apply wire glue and then epoxy to attach a wire lead if necessary. The three sensors I sewed here followed that process, but it was not easy by any means. Having a wire attached makes it harder to sew, but it is still easier to do this than to attach the wire afterwards.

One other note: although it isn’t shown in these pictures, it is much simpler to sew the sensors on if you pin them down (literally) with two pins to keep them from moving much once you have them in the correct position on the glove. This virtually eliminates any extra difficulty from the wires being attached already.

After I got the first five sensors sewed on and create the proof-of-concept video, I set about getting the rest of them done. I’ve ordered more of the conductive fabric, though I don’t expect it to show up for a few days, but even just the sample that I got last week has enough to do a few more than the five already done. So, I cut out enough material to do the middle and lower finger pads (B/C/E/F/H/I/K/L according to my diagram), and tried to figure out a good way to attach the lead wires all at once.

One of the difficulties in using wire glue, since it isn’t really all that sticky, is that the unless the wires are positioned exactly in the right spot, they can move easily and create a sub-standard joint (or worse, come out of the glue completely). What I did to fix this problem was use regular sticky tape to secure each wire lead onto a flat surface (I used a piano bench), and then positioned each piece of sensor fabric underneath the ends of the wires. It looks a little funny, but it really works.

Once the wires are in place, it’s easy to apply a small dot of wire glue to each connection. Once it dries (less than an hour, but I let it sit for a couple of hours to be safe since I had somewhere to go that evening), mix up a small batch of epoxy and apply a small bead to the area where the wire glue is. It’s a good idea to get the epoxy to go slightly beyond the wire glue area, since that will let the epoxy hold the entire joint securely to the fabric. If it is only on top of the wire glue, then the wire glue is still the only thing effectively holding the wire to the material, and there isn’t a lot of added strength.

Once again, note the orientation of each bit of sensor material. First of all, the wires are all attached to the concave side (so the material shows a slight tendency to curl up around the wire). This makes it a little easier to mount each sensor to the glove. I believe the conductivity is roughly the same for each side, though I didn’t test to the resistance specifically. I have taken to calling the concave side the “back” of the material, and the convex side the “front.” Also note that since we’re attaching the wires to the back, they should go on the top left (or bottom right) of each sensor. This means that once we flip each sensor over and attach it to the glove, the wire lead can be coming out of the bottom left corner of the sensor. This seems to make the most sense to me, though if you have a reason to do it the other way, it is of course your decision to make.

I still need to sew the rest of these sensors on, now that they have wire leads attached. Hopefully it won’t take too long. I’ve found that I can do the sewing at the same time as watching a series of Doctor Who episodes. The two tasks go together quite nicely, really.

Well, I’ve finally come up with a good material to use for sensors, and a good way to attach the wire leads to the fabric, and a good way to attach the sensors to the glove. Finally. Here is the short version:

• Material: stretch conductive fabric (Cat. #251 from LessEMF)
• Wire attachment: wire glue followed with a bead of 5-minute or 30-minute epoxy
• Sensor attachment: sewing with regular or conductive thread

Honestly, I don’t think conductive thread is necessary because the material is so incredibly conductive itself. Unless you sew all over the surface with non-conductive thread, you really probably aren’t going to have any problem at all.

I came to the above conclusion about the material because it excels at every single property necessary for touch sensors except solderability. It’s thin, stretchy, easy to sew through, and insanely conductive, particularly when you touch two pieces together. Many of the materials I tested were perfectly conductive between two points on the same piece of material, but pressing two separate pieces of material together didn’t result in an electrical short. Since the glove is entirely built around the concept of touching sensors together, this is obviously a critical problem.

The boringly labeled “stretch conductive fabric” is made mostly of nylon and achieves its conductivity because the nylon is silver-plated. That’s why it so expensive, but as I calculated in the last post, even one linear foot (~$60) of material cut from a bolt of that stuff would make sensors for about 50 gloves. That’s not prohibitive at all, really.

Of course, after deciding to use a fabric that I can’t solder wire to, I had to come up with a way to reliably attach a wire to it while maintaining conductivity. The answer to this problem turned out to be a thin application of wire glue first, and then another thin application of epoxy to add strength. The wire glue is great for conductivity, but very poor at holding something in place under stress.

The perfect joint is achieved by applying only a very small amount of wire glue, since the somewhat porous nature of the fabric actually allows it to flow through to the bottom. You really don’t need a whole lot, since the real work will be done by the epoxy. The wire glue is really only there to make sure the epoxy doesn’t somehow separate the wire from the fabric. After the wire glue is dry (give it an hour or so), mix up a small glob of epoxy and apply a small bead with a toothpick or something similar. Flatter is better, since the thicker it is, the more raised the sensor will be on that corner.

One other note: the fabric is conductive on both sides and through the center. Therefore, I put the wire on the back side to leave the front entirely open for maximum available area. It also looks nicer that way. The fabric has a shiny side (the front) and a less shiny side (the back), and seems to have a slight natural curl such that the front is convex and the back is concave. Hopefully that’s enough info for anyone to figure out which is which. See if you can tell from the picture above.

Now I need to actually try to attach one of the sensors to the glove to see if I can actually do it. The most sew-ish thing I’ve ever done before was a cross-stitch project about 10 years ago. We’ll see how it goes. I was going to try an iron-on double-sided adhesive strip, but the LessEMF fabric description very clearly states “DO NOT IRON.” So I guess that’s out.

The sampler pack from LessEMF arrived in the mail today, so naturally I was very eager to test the performance of the samples. The pack includes 16 different kinds of material. I don’t think I need to look at all of them in detail, but I will anyway just for the purpose of being thorough, and because I’m curious. For technical details on the different materials or to purchase some, go to LessEMF’s fabric page. It’s not expensive in small quantities.

In order to determine the suitability of using each material for Keyglove sensors, I’ve come up with a list of tests. Not every one of the tests must to be successful, but the more that are, the better the material will be considered. Here is a summary of each different test, in order from most to least critical:

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• Conductivity: it must have very high electrical conductivity so as to create a short when two pieces are lightly touched together. No pressure should be required. This test involves checking for a short between two points on the same fabric, and then again by holding wires against two unique pieces and touching only the fabric together (to simulate the glove action).
• Flexibility: it must bend easily so that any finger position will not feel inhibited due to the material. If it is too stiff, the glove will feel unnatural and be unpleasant to use.
• Solderability: it must be able to have a wire lead attached somehow. Depending on the rest of the tests, if this fails it may be possible to use conductive thread or silver epoxy to get the job done. Solder would be preferable for ease though.
• Sewability: it must be able to attached with some kind of thread to the cotton glove base. Material that is too thick or dense may resist too much. Material that is too weak may pull away or tear from the stitches.
• Phone Tap: it must be able to accurately register a single tap on a capacitive touch screen (such as on an iPhone). This should feel exactly the same as using your finger would and require no more pressure or precision.
• Phone Drag: it must be able to accurately register a tap-hold-drag motion on a capacitive touch screen. Again, it should feel exactly like using a bare finger.
• Elasticity: it must stretch at least a little bit to accommodate certain hand positions more easily. This won’t matter for most sensors, but could be useful for the long ones placed on the palm.

Below is a detailed list of how each of the sampler materials performs under the tests outlined above. One test that I cannot perform well is long-term durability, which is certainly important, but impossible to test quickly. I will have to see how my “best choice” material holds up after I start using it on the glove. My current favorite, the stretch conductive fabric, has a very fine silver coating (which contributes substantially to its cost) which they say will come off after repeated washings in hot water. I wonder if it might come off under other circumstances as well.

Also, note that when I label a particular material as “suitable” or “unsuitable,” I am referring only to the suitability as a Keyglove sensor, and not to the suitability of its intended purpose. I have no doubt that these materials do not behave electromagnetically exactly as they are represented by LessEMF.

Quick verdict: one of Stretch Conductive Fabric, VeilShield™, or Canopy Mesh Fabric depending on budget and wire mounting capabilities. Read on for more detail.

Stretch Conductive Fabric (suitable)

Conductivity	Excellent.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None, but a wire can be “melted” into one side.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	Excellent.
Notes	Melting wires into the material is, I’m sure, not what LessEMF intended. However, it does appear to make a solid, reliable electrical connection between the wire and the material. The melted nylon lets of what is probably a small amount of toxic fumes, and it changes the dark gray coloration to be a burnt brown/orange color immediately around the wire tip. It also grips rather tightly to the wire (a consequence of melted nylon). I tested the strength of the hold, and it took quite a lot of pull to remove the wire. I tried re-melting it to another spot and then added a small dot of 5-minute epoxy to test again. It may be possible to achieve the conductivity with epoxy only and skip the melting.

Knit Stainless Steel Mesh (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Excellent.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	Slight.
Notes	This is a relatively coarse wire mesh, and if pulled slightly it will return to its shape. However, if pulled with substantial force, it will simply bend the interlocking mesh links, and it will be forever stuck that way. The main problem is that it is 100% stainless steel, and I could not get any solder to meld properly. The canopy fabric below is basically the same but can be soldered.

Canopy Fabric (suitable)

Conductivity	Excellent.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	Excellent.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	Slight.
Notes	Since this material is nothing more than tin-coated copper wire, it is very conductive and easy to solder. I worry that it might have damaging effects on extremely smooth surfaces like car paint. This stuff exhibits the same elasticity properties as the knit stainless steel mesh above (though less force is required to permanently bend the mesh since the material is thinner). It is actually solderable though, in contrast to the stainless steel mesh.

Ex-Static™ (unsuitable)

Conductivity	None.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	Very slight.
Notes	This fabric isn’t conductive at all between two pieces or from point to point on the same surface, so it doesn’t much matter. However, I was surprised to see the phone tests work correctly.

Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Good.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This material is, like others, conductive between two points on the same surface, but not between two different pieces of material. It is also not solderable. It is quite dense, which would make it a little harder to sew, but not impossible.

Nickel/Copper Ripstop (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Good.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This is almost the same as the copper polyester, only it has nickel as well and it a tiny bit less flexible. The effective conductivity is identical.

ShieldIt™ Super (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Good.
Solderability	Decent wire attachment possible, but weak.
Sewability	None.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	The conductivity is actually excellent on the same surface, but terrible between two pieces. This material has a hot-melting adhesive backing which might have made it very easy to attach to the glove. However, since the conductivity test didn’t pass, it’s kind of pointless to try. Also, the soldered wire lead did stick remarkably well, but due (I assume) to weakening of the fabric by the extreme heat, the small area with solder on it actually broke away from the rest of the fabric after some force was applied. This didn’t happen very easily, but easily enough that I would worry about the reliability of the attachment through daily use.

Bullionet™ Mesh (suitable)

Conductivity	Excellent
Flexibility	Excellent
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This material looks very much like what is used for window screens. The mesh has a square pattern. It’s conductivity is good, but it falls apart under the soldering iron. The side of the mesh makes sewing very easy, and it works well with phones. Given other options though, I’d probably go with the VeilShield™ over this.

ArgenMesh™ (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	Poor.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	Like some others, this material’s conductivity is excellent on the same surface, but not reliable between two pieces. I believe this material has too much nylon (45%) arranged in such a way that the metal is not always right at the surface. Some of the touch conductivity tests didn’t seem to work well. Soldering made the wire grip the material at the cost of destroying the nylon holding it all together. I’d pass on this stuff, since there are so many other good options.

Soft&Safe™ Shielding (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This stuff is unique because it uses bamboo for the non-conductive part of the material. It was very resistant (by comparison) to heat damage during the solder test. The conductivity is good between two points on the same surface, but not at all between two different pieces.

StatiCot™ Shielding (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This material is made of polyester, cotton, and stainless steel. Soldering is pretty much impossible. The conductivity is not at all good enough for what I would need for a sensor. It is only 25% non-fabric material, and thus looked the most like regular fabric of all of the samples.

RadioScreen™ (suitable)

Conductivity	Excellent.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This stuff looks and feels great. However, soldering doesn’t work at all. In fact, it seems to destroy the woven mesh wherever the heat is directly applied. It may be possible to “weave” the wire lead into the very fine mesh and then secure it with an epoxy bead. One other note is that this material is nickel-plated and possibly unsuitable for people with extreme nickel allergies (LessEMF’s warning).

VeilShield™ (suitable)

Conductivity	Excellent.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This is very similar to the RadioShield™ stuff above, except the mesh is even finer and the material is thinner. It is nearly transparent as well, which is kind of neat. Soldering is still not possible.

CobalTex™ (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Good.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This material is almost the same as the the copper polyester and nickel/copper ripstop, except it has a nickel-cobalt alloy coating. The rest of the effective qualities are identical.

ESD Static Fabric (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Good.
Flexibility	Excellent.
Solderability	Possible, not great.
Sewability	Excellent.
Phone Tap	Acceptable.
Phone Drag	Acceptable.
Elasticity	Slight.
Notes	This material has a tendency to “catch” on itself or other nearby fabrics due to the ends of tiny wires in the mesh being exposed after cutting. This could make it slightly annoying to deal with depending on your sewing skills (mine are quite poor at this point). Soldering is possible, but the interwoven fabric inhibits a very clean joint. I would probably rather use one of the non-fabric pure fine meshes instead of this.

AL100 Wall Shielding (unsuitable)

Conductivity	Poor.
Flexibility	Poor.
Solderability	None.
Sewability	Poor.
Phone Tap	Excellent.
Phone Drag	Excellent.
Elasticity	None.
Notes	This material is definitely not suited to be a Keyglove sensor. It’s designed to be EMF wall shielding. I say it has poor flexibility not because it is especially stiff, but rather because it is flexible in somewhat of the same way that a thick piece of aluminum foil is flexible, but not at all like fabric. It is too thick to sew, and there is a plastic-like coating on the back surface that melts easily when attempting to solder. This is just a bad choice for the Keyglove.

So, there we have it: a full run-down of the suitability of each type of sample material. Here are the results in a summary format:

• Only 5 out of the 16 materials could be used for sensors:
  • Stretch Conductive Fabric ($59.95 per linear foot)
  • Canopy Fabric ($15.95 per linear foot)
  • Bullionet™ Mesh ($11.95 per linear foot)
  • RadioScreen™ ($15.99 per linear foot)
  • VeilShield™ ($18.95 per linear foot)
• Almost none of the materials are solderable (of the above, only the canopy fabric)
• Almost all of the materials work on capacitive touch screens
• If capacitive taps work, so do capacitive drags

The “linear foot” prices are from spools of fabric that are typically at least 42 inches wide, so one linear foot is actually at least 500 square inches. Since each glove requires approximately 10 square inches of sensor material (estimated), that means that one foot can do 50 gloves, meaning even the really expensive stretch conductive fabric comes out to be $1.20 of material per glove. Not too bad.

Given all the possibilities, my favorite is the stretch conductive fabric. I only need to find out what the best way of attaching a wire lead to that material is. I’ve sent an email to the people at LessEMF to see if they have any recommendations, and in the mean time, I’m going to try some experiments (involving cheap wire glue and/or epoxy beads). I’d like to avoid using silver epoxy, though I know it would work, because it would greatly add to the cost of any glove—probably as much as $10 per glove, realistically. With 34 sensors, 14 oz. of epoxy goes pretty quick.

In light of what’s happened with the copper foil, I’ve been looking into conductive fabric. Honestly, this is what I should have been doing from the beginning, but I guess I’m too used to thinking of electricity as going with metal, wires, and solder. I found a company called LessEMF which sells all kinds of electrically conductive fabric. I’m particularly interested in what they have labeled Stretch Conductive Fabric, and secondarily the Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta Fabric. They sell a sampler package for $10 that contains 2″x3″ swatches of all of their materials, which I have ordered. Once it shows up, I’ll see which performs the best.

My primary concern is that I need to be able to reliably attach the sensor lead wires to the pads. My ideal solution would be to solder, but depending on the composition of the fabric, that might be impossible. Barring that, I could try using conductive thread, though that might not work. Perhaps a combination of conductive thread and an epoxy bead to hold things in place might work. I’ll have to see how the surface conductivity of the fabric is.

Unfortunately, the sampler package hasn’t arrived yet. Maybe it will come tomorrow.

I’ve had an interesting time working with the adhesive copper foil tape that I was so hopeful about recently. The very, very short version is that I don’t think it will work.

After the foil tape arrived in the mail, I eagerly opened the package and examined my new prize. It was just about what I was expecting, although it did have some oxidation stains on the outermost layer (I mentioned this in my previous post). This was pretty easy to remove by cutting off the first 12 or so inches of tape, which didn’t bother me since I have 36 yards of the stuff.

Next, I cut the 34 sensor pieces as outlined in my last post. I think most of my estimated sizes are fine, but the thumb pads ought to be a little bit bigger to accommodate the touch placement of the thumb in various other areas on the hand. All in all, this was a pretty simple process, and I wasn’t worried about making mistakes since the foil tape is so cheap. As a rule, I’m trying to balance the size of each sensor pad with its usability, making it as small as possible while still making it easy to find in a quick finger-tap motion. If the sensors are too small, each tap will require a lot more precision, which I’m trying to avoid. On the other hand, I don’t want to make the sensors so big that they run into each other accidentally. Obviously there will need to be some provision for this in the software, but I’d like to minimize it.

After I got the sensors cut, I cut sensor lead wires from the 26-gauge black solid wire I got a while ago. The finished product shouldn’t need any wire to be more than about 8 inches long, but for testing, I made each one about 16 so I could have a little bit of play. Once the board can be mounted on the glove, most of the wires will be much shorter than 8 inches. I still need to come up with a digram for wire guide placement on the back of the glove. I’m also looking into something like this 34-conductor round cable for conveniently extending the sensor leads. It shouldn’t be necessary on a finished glove, but for a prototype, it might be nice.

Once I had the wires cut, I stripped about 1/4 inch off one end of each of them (as shown in the first picture above) and started the soldering process. I discovered very quickly that the fastest way to do this is to melt a solder bead onto the corner of each sensor first without the wires, and then go back and re-melt it along with the wire inside. This was more efficient than soldering each wire all at once for each pad—mainly, I think, because the pads are so small that they stick to the solder and/or the wire independently during the solder process, and therefore it is very easy to get a crooked wire attachment. After I starting using the 2-step approach, just about everything turned out perfectly.

Next, I used the adhesive backing present on the foil tape to pre-position each sensor on the glove while I was wearing it on my right hand. This proved to be slightly difficult since I am right-handed, and because I had the glove on that hand, I couldn’t really use it for very much of the work. I got all of the sensors on except for some of the 1/4 inch side finger segments, and then decided to try permanently gluing them on (since the tape adhesive is terribly inadequate for a permanent hold on cotton).

This is where the trouble started. First, I have 5-minute epoxy, and I mixed together nearly enough to do the whole glove. This was my own fault, of course, since I wasn’t thinking about the fact that I probably wouldn’t be able to apply 34 sensors very well within five minutes. But that’s beside the point.

I removed the first (little finger tip) sensor from the glove and plopped it firmly in the mixed epoxy puddle to thoroughly coat the back side, and then firmly stuck it back where I thought it should go. That went relatively well, except for a small amount of epoxy escaping out from under the bottom of the sensor. I’d used slightly more than I needed. No big deal, I thought.

Then, I moved on to the second one, the sensor directly below the previous one. I repeated the same glue-sticking process, and then discovered when I tried to place it on the glove that the first sensor was coming off because of the weight of the wire attached to it. Of course, this necessitated my holding both sensors on with two fingers, at least temporarily, while the glue got a little more sticky. This also resulted in more epoxy leakage, some of which got on the glove, and some on my fingers. Ew.

By this point, I was doubting the suitability of my approach. I figured I would try to do the third main sensor for the little finger, then let it dry and see about continuing later. Of course, that’s when I discovered that the entire remainder of my 5-minute epoxy puddle had hardened beyond usability. Oops.

So, took the glove off and thoroughly cleaned my gluing hand while I let the glove dry. A few hours afterward, observing the glove in its two-sensor dried epoxy glory, I concluded that this couldn’t possibly work the way I intended.

Here are the reasons why I don’t think it is feasible:

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• Gluing copper foil to the glove with epoxy is messy and imprecise. It is also impossible to undo. If you’ve ever tried getting cured epoxy out of cotton, you’ll know what I’m talking about. You would need to have a tremendous amount of time, or else very precise automated equipment, to use epoxy to glue 34 sensors onto a cotton glove. If you don’t have exactly the right amount of glue applied to the entire surface of the sensor, some will not stick, or some will escape from behind and get on other parts of the glove.
• Cured epoxy is not flexible at all. One of the reasons I liked the idea of copper foil is that foil is flexible. I forgot that the epoxy I’d have to use to attach it would utterly negate that property.
• Small bits of epoxy that escape onto non-sensor areas of the glove make the surface feel very rough. This isn’t the end of the world, but it doesn’t feel like a finished product. It’s really unprofessional. I want this glove to look and feel awesome.
• Foil only looks nice until it gets bent a few times. As I said in the point above, I want this glove to look great. As you can see in the final picture in this post, wrinkly, bent copper foil looks terrible. The effect wouldn’t be quite as noticeable if the foil was all glued to the glove (most of it isn’t in the pictures), but it would still be there.

Some of this is about looks, and some of it is about usability. I believe it is probably possible to use copper foil and epoxy to get the job done if you are extremely precise and good with epoxy (and perhaps use 4-hour epoxy and not the 5-minute variety). However, it’s still going to be a whole lot of work. Therefore, I’ve been looking into alternatives.

Both the active PS/2-to-USB adapter and the adhesive copper foil tape I was waiting on arrived in the mail today, so naturally I wanted to test both. The PS/2 adapter has proven to be exactly what I needed, and I am very happy to say that the PS/2 code I wrote works virtually perfectly! There is still a little inefficiency I’d like to address—using interrupts instead of polling—but it basically works. All of the controller code, including the PS/2 keyboard library, is available in the Google Code project repository.

The next step in the test process is to attach the sensors to the gloves. The copper foil looks like it will work great, especially because it is very thin (more than I thought it would be). Aside from being a little bit sharp on the edges, it’s also easy to work with. The only downside is that I’m sure the adhesive won’t stick reliably to the glove surface all by itself. But I figured that would happen, which is why I planned to use epoxy to glue the pads on from the very beginning.

Note that the odd spots on the tape in the picture above are only present on the outermost layer. After I unwound one full length of the tape, the spots disappeared (visible in the picture below). I assume it is some kind of tarnishing, but I don’t know what caused it or whether it inhibits conductivity in any way. The tape arrived in a sealed plastic bag.

Anyway, before I attach the sensors to the glove, I’m going to solder all of the sensor wires on first. I think it will be easier to do this before they are on the fabrig. I’m not totally sure about heat transfer, but since it is thin metal foil, I’d imagine I might damage the 100% cotton material with the soldering iron heat unless I’m very careful (and maybe even if I am). So, soldering first, then attaching.

However, I did cut out the sensor pads from the roll of foil tape. I’ve guessed on the sizes, but I think what I’ve got should be usable. It’s a total of 34 sensors:

• 17x 1/2″x1/2″ for the finger pads and fingernails/thumbnail
  (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
• 12x 1/2″x1/4″ for the side segments of the fingers
  (M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X)
• 2x 1/2″x3/4″ for the thumb pads (Y, Z)
• 3x 1/2″x3 1/2″ for the palm pads (1, 2, 3)

This translates into exactly 20″ of tape for an entire set of sensors. At $22.40 for a 36-yard roll, that means the stuff costs about 1.728 cents per inch, which means the entire sensor array costs a mere 35 cents. Awesome! I may find that my size estimates aren’t quite right for ergonomic reasons, but that remains to be seen. Any adjustments certainly won’t significantly impact the cost.

Soon, I should be able to put up a photo of the glove as it actually will look, instead of one with weird photoshopped dots on it. Until then, here’s what the sensors look like in their current form: